banner



Home  ›  What Is The Religion Makeup Of Bosnia

What Is The Religion Makeup Of Bosnia

Written By Thursday, June 9, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Overview of the role of the Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Share of Muslims in Bosnia and herzegovina by municipalities in 2013

Islam is i of the two principal religions practised in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other 1 existence Christianity. It was introduced to the local population in the 15th and 16th centuries equally a result of the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Muslims incorporate the unmarried largest religious community in Bosnia and Herzegovina (51%) (the other ii big groups being Eastern Orthodox Christians (31%), almost all of whom place as Serbs, and Roman Catholics (15%), virtually all of whom identify as Croats.[2] Some other estimate done by PEW Research states that 52% of the population is Muslim, 35% Orthodox and merely 8% Catholic.[three]

Almost all of Bosnian Muslims identify every bit Bosniaks; until 1993, Bosnians of Muslim culture or origin (regardless of religious practise) were divers past Yugoslav authorities as Muslimani (Muslims) in an ethno-national sense (hence the capital M), though some people of Bosniak or Muslim backgrounds identified their nationality (in an ethnic sense rather than strictly in terms of citizenship) as "Yugoslav" prior to the early on 1990s. A small minority of non-Bosniak Muslims in Republic of bosnia and herzegovina include Albanians, Roma and Turks.

Albeit traditionally adherent to Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, a 2012 survey found 54% of Bosnia and herzegovina'due south Muslims to consider themselves just Muslims, while 38% told that they are Sunni Muslims.[4] There is also a small-scale Sufi community, located primarily in Central Bosnia.[5] A small Shia Muslim community is also present in Bosnia.[6] Virtually all Muslim congregations in Republic of bosnia and herzegovina refer to the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina as their religious organisation.

The Constitution of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina guarantees freedom of religion,[vii] which is generally upheld throughout the country.

History [edit]

The Ottoman era [edit]

Islam was first introduced to the Balkans on a big scale by the Ottomans in the mid-to-tardily 15th century who gained command of virtually of Bosnia in 1463, and seized Herzegovina in the 1480s. Over the next century, the Bosnians – composed of native Christians and Slavic tribes living in the Bosnian kingdom under the name of Bošnjani [8] – were converted to Islam in great numbers during the Islamization of Bosnia nether Ottoman rule. During the Ottoman era the name Bošnjanin was definitely transformed into the electric current Bošnjak ('Bosniak'), with the suffix -ak replacing the traditional -anin. By the early 1600s, approximately ii thirds of the population of Bosnia were Muslim.[9] Bosnia and herzegovina remained a province in the Ottoman Empire and gained autonomy after the Bosnian insurgence in 1831. Large numbers of mosques were built all over the province. Most mosques erected during the Ottoman era were of relatively modest structure, oftentimes with a single minaret and key prayer hall with few adjoining foyers.

  • Wooden mosque, Tuzla, from the 18th century

The Austro-Hungarian era [edit]

After the 1878 Congress of Berlin, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under the command of Austro-hungarian empire. In 1908, Austria-hungary formally annexed the region. Dissimilar post-Reconquista Spain, the Austro-Hungarian authorities made no endeavor to convert the citizens of this newly-acquired territory as the December Constitution guaranteed freedom of religion, and so Republic of bosnia and herzegovina remained Muslim.

Bosnia, along with Albania and Kosovo were the only parts of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans where large numbers of people were converted to Islam, and remained there after independence. In other areas of the onetime Ottoman Empire where Muslims formed the majority or started to form the majority, those Muslims were either expelled, assimilated/Christianized, massacred, or fled elsewhere (Muhajirs).[ citation needed ]

The state of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina [edit]

Constructed in 1579, the Ferhadija mosque in Banja Luka was razed to the ground by Serb extremists during the war. It was rebuilt and opened on 7 May 2016.

The ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims during the Bosnian war caused a profound internal deportation of their population within Bosnia-Herzegovina, resulting in the nigh complete segregation of the country's religious communities into split up ethno-religious areas. The rate of returning refugees was markedly slowed downwards by 2003–2004, leaving the majority of Serbian Orthodox adherents living in the Republika Srpska and the majority of Muslims and Catholics even so living in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Within the Federation, distinct Muslim and Catholic majority areas remain. However, the return of Serbian Orthodox adherents and Muslims to their prewar homes in Western Bosnia Canton and Muslims to their prewar homes in eastern Bosnia nearly Srebrenica have shifted the ethno-religious composition in both areas.
Throughout Bosnia, mosques were systematically destroyed by Serb and Croat military machine in the Bosnian War during the 90s. Many buildings were damaged or destroyed, with up to fourscore% of well-over 4000 different pre-war Islamic buildings.[10]
Among the most important losses were two mosques in Banja Luka, Arnaudija and Ferhadija mosque, which were on the UNESCO register of globe cultural monuments. Today they are, along with many other, protected heritage of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina.

Destruction of Islamic religious buildings in Bosnia (1992-1995)[10]
Edifice Destroyed Damaged Total
by Serb extremists past Croat extremists by Serb extremists by Croat extremists Full destroyed during the war Total damaged during the state of war Total Total no. before the war Percentage of pre-war damaged or destroyed
congregational mosque (Džamija) 249 58 540 80 307 620 927 1.149 81%
small-scale neighbourhood mosque (Mesdžid) 21 xx 175 43 41 218 259 557 47%
Quran schools (Mekteb) fourteen iv 55 14 18 69 87 954 nine%
Dervish lodges (Tekija) 4 ane 3 ane v 4 9 15 60%
Mausolea, shrines (Turbe) 6 one 34 iii 7 37 44 90 49%
Buildings of religious endowments (Vakuf) 125 24 345 sixty 149 405 554 1.425 39%
Total 419 108 1,152 201 527 1,353 ane,880 4,190 45%

  • Muslim gravestones at the Potočari genocide memorial nigh Srebrenica

The post-war flow [edit]

Many Islamic religious buildings were damaged or destroyed in the Bosnian War during the 90s, with upwardly to 80% of well-over 4000 different buildings,[10] and several mosques were rebuilt with the aid of funds from Kingdom of saudi arabia and other countries from the Middle and far East.

Historically, Bosnian Muslims had always skilful a form of Islam that is strongly influenced by Sufism. Since the Bosnian State of war, however, some remnants of groups of foreign fighters from the Heart Due east fighting on the side of Bosnian Army, remained for some fourth dimension and attempted to spread Wahhabism amongst locals. With very limited success these foreigners only created friction between local Muslim population, steeped in their ain traditional practise of the faith, and without any previous contact with this strain in Islam, and themselves.[xi]
Although these communities were relatively minor and peaceful, restricted to a certain number of villages around central and northern Bosnia, the result was highly politicized by local nationalists and officials, too as officials and diplomats from countries like Croatia, Czechia and Serbia, to the indicate of outright fiction.[12] [13] Security Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time, Dragan Mektić of SDS, reacted strongly on such falsehoods by pointing on seriousness of such conspiratorial claims, and warned on possibility of farther dangerous politicization and even acts of violence with an aim of labeling Bosnian Muslims as radicals.[12] [14]

  • Old Mosque of Jajce nether reconstruction (2008)

Demographics [edit]

How oftentimes practice Bosnian Muslims pray[15]

 Several times a day (27%)

 Once a mean solar day (half dozen%)

 A few times a week or in one case a calendar week (22%)

 A few times a month or seldom (28%)

 Never (14%)

 Don't know/Refused (3%)

In the 2013 census the declared religious amalgamation of the population was: Islam (1,790,454 people) and Muslim (22,068 people). Islam has 1.8 million adherents, making up nearly 51% of the population in Republic of bosnia and herzegovina. PEW survey says that there are 52% Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[iii] The municipalities of Bužim (99.7%) and Teočak (99.7%) have the highest share of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Canton Population (2013) Number of Muslims[16] %
Federation of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina 2,219,220 1,581,868 71.3%
Tuzla Canton 445,028 395,921 89.0%
Zenica-Doboj Canton 364,433 303,994 83.4%
Sarajevo Canton 413,593 350,594 84.eight%
Una-Sana County 273,261 252,758 92.v%
Central Bosnia Canton 254,686 147,809 58.0%
Herzegovina-Neretva Canton 222,007 91,395 41.2%
Republika Srpska i,228,423 172,742 14.i%
Brčko District 83,516 35,844 42.9%
Bosnian-Podrinje County Goražde 23,734 22,372 94.three%
Posavina County 43,453 eight,341 19.ii%
Canton 10 84,127 7,904 9.three%
West Herzegovina Canton 94,898 780 0.8%
Republic of bosnia and herzegovina 3,531,159 one,790,454 fifty.7%

Contemporary relations [edit]

For a majority of Bosniaks that place themselves as Muslims, organized religion often serves equally a community linkage, and religious exercise is confined to occasional visits to the mosque (especially during Ramadan and the two Eids) and significant rites of passage such as 'aqiqah, marriage, and death.[ citation needed ] Headscarves for women, or the hijab, is worn only by a minority of Bosniak women, or otherwise mostly for religious purpose (such as the çarşaf for prayer and going to the mosque).

Religious leaders from the three major faiths claim that observance is increasing amongst younger persons as an expression of increased identification with their ethnic heritage, in large part due to the national religious revival that occurred as a effect of the Bosnian war.[17] Leaders from the 3 main religious communities observed that they savour greater back up from their believers after the end of Bosnian state of war.[17] On the other hand, however, the violence and misery caused by religious disharmonize has led a pocket-sized number of Bosnians to reject faith birthday. This atheist community faces bigotry, and is frequently verbally attacked by religious leaders equally "decadent people without morals". According to the latest demography, openly-declared atheists make up 0.79% of Bosnia's population.[18]

In a 1998 public opinion poll, 78.three% of Bosniaks in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared themselves to be religious.[19]

In Bosnia and herzegovina, there are viii muftis located in major municipalities across the country: Sarajevo, Bihać, Travnik, Tuzla, Goražde, Zenica, Mostar, and Banja Luka. The head of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and herzegovina is Husein Kavazović.[twenty]

See also [edit]

  • Islamic Community of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina
  • Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Bosniaks
  • 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croation)
  • Persecution of Muslims
  • Pomaks
  • List of mosques in Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Listing of National Monuments of Bosnia and herzegovina

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Enquiry Centre. 12 Apr 2015. Retrieved 22 Oct 2017.
  2. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Bosnia and Herzegovina". Cia.gov . Retrieved four January 2018.
  3. ^ a b "PEW Research" (PDF). {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  4. ^ "The Earth's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Inquiry Center. 2012. p. 30. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  5. ^ "EKSKLUZIVNO- N1 sa dervišima: Pogledajte rijetko viđene snimke mističnih obreda". Ba.n1info.com . Retrieved 4 Jan 2018.
  6. ^ "Concerns Grow over Bosnian Shia-Sunni Separate | Balkan Insight". nine November 2016.
  7. ^ "Liberty of religion Law..., Official Gazette of B&H 5/04". Mpr.gov.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2016. Retrieved iv January 2018.
  8. ^ Bašić, Denis (2009). The roots of the religious, indigenous, and national identity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinan [sic] Muslims. University of Washington. ISBN9781109124637.
  9. ^ Malcolm 1995, p. 71. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMalcolm1995 (assistance)
  10. ^ a b c Shatzmiller, Maya (2002). Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States. Queens Academy School of Policy. p. 100.
  11. ^ "Radical Islamists Seek To Exploit Frustration In Bosnia". Rferl.mobi . Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  12. ^ a b "Bosnia War Victims Slam Croatia President's Terror Claims". www.balkaninsight.com. vii September 2017. Retrieved five February 2019. Bosnia'due south Security Minister Dragan Mektic even told local news site Klix on Tuesday that in that location was a possibility that a terrorist human activity might be staged by "para-undercover-service agencies" close to certain politicians in order to legitimize false claims of increased Islamic radicalism in Bosnia.
  13. ^ "Bosnian Security Government minister Rejects Claims by Croatian President". www.full-republic of croatia-news.com . Retrieved v February 2019.
  14. ^ "Mektić: Paraobavještajne strukture bi mogle inscenirati napad da bi BiH prikazale kao radikalnu". Klix.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved v February 2019.
  15. ^ https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Key-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf[ bare URL PDF ]
  16. ^ "Ethnic composition of Bosnia & Herzegovina 2013".
  17. ^ a b "Republic of bosnia and herzegovina: International Religious Freedom Report 2006". U.Due south Department of Land—Bureau of Democracy, Human being Rights, and Labor. 2006-09-15.
  18. ^ Dubensky, Joyce South. (2016). Peacemakers in Action: Profiles in Religious Peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 391. ISBN9781107152960 . Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  19. ^ Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious separation and political intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&One thousand Academy Press. p. 261. ISBN1585442267 . Retrieved half dozen January 2011.
  20. ^ "Islamska zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini - Početna". Rijaset.ba . Retrieved 14 June 2016.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Aščerić-Todd, Ines (2015). Dervishes and Islam in Bosnia: Sufi Dimensions to the Formation of Bosnian Muslim Order. The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Vol. 58. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004288447. ISBN978-xc-04-27821-9. ISSN 1380-6076. S2CID 127053309.
  • Bougarel, Xavier (2005). "Balkan Muslim Diasporas and the Idea of a "European Islam"". In Dulic, Tomislav (ed.). Balkan Currents. Essays in Award of Kjell Magnusson. Uppsala Multiethnic Papers. Vol. 49. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press. pp. 147–165. S2CID 158986618 – via Halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr.
  • Bougarel, Xavier (2012) [2007]. "Bosnian Islam every bit 'European Islam': Limits and Shifts of A Concept". In al-Azmeh, Aziz; Fokas, Effie (eds.). Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity, and Influence (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–124. doi:x.1017/CBO9780511809309.007. ISBN9780511809309. S2CID 91182456.
  • Cesari, Jocelyne, ed. (2014). "Office Iii: The Old European Land of Islam". The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 427–616. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607976.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-960797-half dozen. LCCN 2014936672. S2CID 153038977.
  • Friedman, Francine (2000). Mylonas, Harris (ed.). "The Muslim Slavs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Reference to the Sandžak of Novi Pazar): Islam as National Identity". Nationalities Papers. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press on behalf of the Association for the Report of Nationalities. 28 (ane): 165–180. doi:10.1080/00905990050002498. eISSN 1465-3923. ISSN 0090-5992. S2CID 154938106.
  • Greenberg, Robert D. (2009). "Dialects, Migrations, and Ethnic Rivalries: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina". Journal of Slavic Linguistics. Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers (Indiana University Press). 17 (1/2): 193–216. doi:10.1353/jsl.0.0022. JSTOR 24600141. S2CID 154466698.
  • Malečková, Jitka (2020). "Civilizing the Slavic Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina". "The Turk" in the Czech Imagination (1870s-1923). Studia Imagologica. Vol. 26. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 118–158. doi:x.1163/9789004440791_005. ISBN978-xc-04-44077-7. ISSN 0927-4065.
  • Račius, Egdūnas, ed. (2020). Islam in Post-communist Eastern Europe: Between Churchification and Securitization. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 35. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN978-90-04-42534-7. ISSN 1570-7571. LCCN 2020907634.
  • Šuško, Dževada, ed. (2019). Both Muslim and European: Diasporic and Migrant Identities of Bosniaks. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN978-90-04-39402-v. ISSN 1570-7571. LCCN 2018061684.
  • Zheliazkova, Antonina (July 1994). "The Penetration and Adaptation of Islam in Bosnia from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century". Journal of Islamic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5 (2: Islam in The Balkans): 187–208. doi:10.1093/jis/v.ii.187. eISSN 1471-6917. ISSN 0955-2340. JSTOR 26195615. S2CID 144333779.

Further reading [edit]

  • Akyol, Riada Asimovic (13 January 2019). "Bosnia Offers a Model of Liberal European Islam". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved xviii Apr 2021.
  • Allievi, Stefano; Maréchal, Brigitte; Dassetto, Felice; Nielsen, Jørgen S., eds. (2003). Muslims in the Enlarged Europe: Faith and Gild. Choice Reviews Online. Muslim Minorities. Vol. two. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.5860/choice.41-6771. ISBN978-ninety-04-13201-6. ISSN 1570-7571. S2CID 142974009.
  • Bencheikh, Ghaleb; Brahimi-Semper, Adam (19 May 2019). "L'Islam dans le Sud-Est Européen". www.franceculture.fr (in French). Paris: France Culture. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  • Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie, eds. (2001). Le Nouvel Islam Balkanique. Les Musulmans, acteurs du post-communisme, 1990-2000 (in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. ISBN2-7068-1493-iv.
  • Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie (2013). Les musulmans de l'Europe du Sud-Est: Des Empires aux États balkaniques. Terres et gens d'islam (in French). Paris: IISMM - Karthala. ISBN978-2-8111-0905-9 – via Cairn.info.
  • Clayer, Nathalie (2004). "Les musulmans des Balkans Ou l'islam de "fifty'autre Europe"/The Balkans Muslims Or the Islam of the «Other Europe"". Religions, pouvoir et société: Europe centrale, Balkans, CEI. Le Courrier de Pays de l'Est (in French). Paris: La Documentation française. 5 (1045): 16–27. doi:10.3917/cpe.045.0016. ISSN 0590-0239 – via Cairn.info.
  • Elbasani, Arolda; Roy, Olivier, eds. (2015). The Revival of Islam in the Balkans: From Identity to Religiosity. Islam and Nationalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137517845. hdl:1814/36698. ISBN978-one-137-51783-8. S2CID 164180984.
  • Popović, Alexandre (1986). L'Islam balkanique: les musulmans du sud-est européen dans la période post-ottomane. Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen (in French). Vol. 11. Berlin: Osteuropa-Institut an der Freien Universität Berlin. ISBN9783447025980. OCLC 15614864.
  • Stieger, Cyrill (5 October 2017). "Die Flexibilität der slawischen Muslime". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich. Archived from the original on five October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina

Posted by: dejesustheral83.blogspot.com

0 Response to "What Is The Religion Makeup Of Bosnia"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel